The study’s authors — Swarn Chatterjee, Brenda Cude and Gianni Nicolini — describe these outputs as «suboptimal» or biased, arguing they could lead different users toward different financial planning outcomes based solely on demographic characteristics rather than their actual financial situation.
This dimension of the research adds a layer of concern beyond simple inaccuracy. If an AI tool systematically provides different investment portfolio or retirement savings guidance depending on a user’s perceived identity, the implications for financial equity are significant — particularly given how many Americans now use these tools as a primary resource for money decisions.
What fiduciary duty means — and why its absence matters
A fiduciary duty is a legal obligation requiring an advisor to act in a client’s best interest, not their own. Licensed financial advisors in the US are bound by this standard in many contexts. AI platforms carry no such obligation, meaning they face no legal consequences for providing advice that harms a user’s financial situation — a gap that regulators have not yet addressed.
Two in three American AI users already rely on it for financial advice — without legal protection
The stakes of these findings are underscored by the scale of adoption. According to an Intuit Credit Karma survey published in September, 66% of Americans who have used generative AI say they have leveraged it for financial advice. Among Gen Z and millennials, that share rises to 82% for each cohort — making younger adults the most exposed to the tools’ documented limitations.
A critical legal gap compounds the risk: AI tools carry no fiduciary duty to users. Unlike a licensed financial advisor, an AI platform is not legally required to provide recommendations that serve the user’s best interests. That absence of accountability means users have no formal recourse if AI-generated guidance leads to poor financial decisions.
A separate 2024 study published in the Journal of Risk and Financial Management examined ChatGPT’s financial advice capabilities and reached a similar conclusion: the tool could serve as a «first stop» for households seeking guidance, but its recommendations were «generic» and often overlooked pertinent individual circumstances. «We believe that ChatGPT can serve as a starting point in giving and finding financial advice, but its recommendations should be carefully scrutinized and assessed,» the authors wrote.
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