1. Infections

• Viral Infections – Colds, the flu, and mononucleosis (mono) can trigger swollen lymph nodes as the immune system fights back.

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• Bacterial Infections – Strep throat, abscesses, or skin infections may also cause swelling in the neck.

• Tuberculosis – This bacterial illness can sometimes produce lumps, especially in lymph nodes.

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2. Enlarged Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenopathy)

• Causes – Infection, inflammation, or even cancer can lead to enlarged lymph nodes.

• Tender vs. Painless – Painful lumps are usually linked to infections, while painless lumps could suggest more serious conditions.

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3. Cysts

• Branchial Cleft Cyst – A congenital condition causing lumps on the side of the neck.

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• Thyroglossal Duct Cyst – Typically found in the midline of the neck.

• Symptoms – Cysts are often round, smooth, and movable. They’re usually harmless unless infected.

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4. Thyroid Disorders

• Goiter – Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, or nodules.

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• Thyroid Cancer – A hard, painless lump that grows or changes may be a warning sign.

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5. Cancer

• Metastatic Cancer – Neck lumps can sometimes indicate cancer spread from the lungs, breast, digestive tract, or nearby areas.

• Lymphoma – Persistent, painless swollen lymph nodes may point to this type of blood cancer.

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6. Salivary Gland Problems

• Infections or Blockages – Swelling near the jaw or under the ear may be due to salivary gland infections (sialadenitis) or stones (sialolithiasis).

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7. Injury or Trauma

• Post-Injury Lumps – Swelling or lumps can form after trauma, often caused by fluid or blood buildup under the skin.

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8. Lipomas

• Benign Fatty Growths – Soft, non-cancerous lumps under the skin. Usually painless, but may need removal if large or uncomfortable.

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When Should You See a Doctor?

Seek medical advice if:

• The lump is hard, fixed, or immovable.

• It’s painless but continues to grow.

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• You experience unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, or fatigue.

• The lump lasts longer than two weeks without improvement.

A doctor can perform an exam, order imaging or lab tests, and possibly a biopsy to determine the cause. Early diagnosis is key, especially if cancer or another serious condition is involved.