Breast and ovarian cancer: the BRCA gene link explained

DNA helix model illustrating BRCA gene mutation research in cancer screening — Illustration © Toptenplay

The numbers are stark. According to the source, women carrying a BRCA1 mutation face a lifetime breast cancer risk of up to 72% and an ovarian cancer risk of up to 44%. Those with a BRCA2 mutation face risks of up to 69% for breast cancer and 17% for ovarian cancer — figures that dwarf the general population’s baseline risk.

Crucially, these mutations can be passed down from either parent, not just the mother. That means a family history of breast cancer on the paternal side is just as relevant as one on the maternal side — a fact that many women and even some clinicians overlook.

72%

The maximum lifetime breast cancer risk faced by women carrying a BRCA1 mutation, according to the source — compared to roughly 12% in the general population.

Why a relative diagnosed before 50 is a warning sign worth discussing

Family history is one of the most reliable early indicators of elevated genetic risk. According to the source, if close relatives — a mother, sister, aunt, or grandmother — were diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer, particularly before the age of 50, a woman’s own risk may be significantly higher than average.

Two women reviewing family medical history documents related to cancer genetic risk — Illustration © Toptenplay

The concern is compounded by the fact that some families carry these genetic mutations across multiple generations without ever connecting the diagnoses. A grandmother’s ovarian cancer and a mother’s breast cancer may both trace back to the same inherited mutation — a pattern that only becomes visible when someone asks the right questions.

The recommended first step, according to the source, is to consider genetic counseling and testing when a strong family history is present. A genetic counselor can help interpret results, assess overall risk, and work with a physician to build a personalized screening and prevention plan — an approach that health insurance plans increasingly cover for high-risk individuals.

What are BRCA genes?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes present in every human being. In their normal form, they help cells repair DNA damage and prevent uncontrolled growth. When a person inherits a mutated version of either gene, that repair mechanism is compromised — significantly raising the lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Genetic testing can identify whether a mutation is present.

Age, hormones, and reproductive history: the non-genetic risk factors

Genetics are not the only driver. The source identifies several additional factors that can raise a woman’s risk for both breast and ovarian cancer, independently of BRCA status.

Doctor consulting female patient about cancer risk factors and hormone therapy options — Illustration © Toptenplay

Age is among the most consistent: risk rises notably after 50. Long-term postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has also been associated with increased risk, making it a factor worth weighing carefully with a doctor before starting or continuing treatment.